Although the causes for the rupture in the once intimate relationship were complex and over determined, involving as they did both personal and intellectual incompatibilities, are important reason was Jung's rejection of Freud's pan sexualism. Jung wrote, "the immediate reason was that Freud identified his method with his sex theory which I deemed to be inadmissible". Jung then proceeded to forge his own theory of psychoanalysis and his own method of psychotherapy, which became known as analytical psychology. The lines for this approach had been laid down before Jung met Freud, and he worked on it consistently during the period of his association with Fred.
Personal History
Carl Gustav Jung was born in Kesswyl, a town on Lake Constance in the canton of Thurgan, Switzerland, on July 26, 1875, and he grew up in Basel After obtaining his medical degree from the university of Basel he became an assistant in the Burgholzli Mental Hospital, Zurich, and the psychiatric clinic of Zurich and thus embarked upon a career in psychiatry. He assisted and later collaborated with Eugen Bleuler the eminent Psychiatrist who developed the concept of schizophrenia and studied briefly with Pierre Janet, Charcot pupil and successor in Paris. In 1909 he gave up his work at Burgholzli and in 1913 his instructorship in psychiatry at the University of Zurich, in order to devote himself, full time to private practice, training, research, traveling and writing.
He died on June 6, 1961, in Zurich at the age of 85. For sixty year's, Carl Jung devoted himself with great energy and with a singularity of purpose to analyzing the far-flung and deep lying processes of human personality. His writings are voluminous and his influence incalculable. He is known not only to psychologists and psychiatrists, but also to educated people in all walks of life.
Jung's Theory of Personality
Although Jung's theory of personality is usually identified as a psychoanalytic theory because of the emphasis that it places upon unconscious processes; it defers in some notable respects from Freud's theory of personality. Perhaps the most prominent and indistinctive feature of Jung's view of humans is that it combines teleology with causality. Human behavior is conditioned not only by individual and racial history,(causality) but also by aims and aspiration(teleology). Both the past as actuality and the future as potentiality guide one's present behavior. Jung's view of personality is prospective in the sense that it looks ahead to the person's future line of development and retrospective in the sense that it takes into account of the past.
Jung's theory is also distinguished from all other approaches to personality by the strong emphasis that it places upon the racial and psychogenetic foundations of personality. Jung sees the individual personality as the product and container of its ancestral history .
Modern humans have been shaped and molded into their present form by the cumulative experiences of past generations extending far back into the dim and unknown origins of humans. The foundations of personality are archaic, primitive, innate, unconscious and probably universal. Freud stresses the infantile origins of personality, where as Jung emphasizes the racial origins of personality. Humans are born with many predispositions that have been bequeathed to them by their ancestors, these predispositions guide their conduct and determine in part what they will become conscious of and respond to it in their own world of experience.
In other words, there is a racially performed and collective personality that reaches out selectively into the world of experience and is modified and elaborated by the experiences that it receives. An individual's personality is a resultant of inner forces acting upon and being acted upon by outer forces.
This great respect for persons social part and the bearing that it has on people today meant that Jung, more than any other Psychologist probed into human history to learn what he could of racial origins and evolution of personality.
Structure of Personality
The total personality or psyche, as Jung calls it, consists of a number of differentiated but interacting systems. The principal one's are the ego the personal unconscious, and its complexes, and the collective unconscious and its archetypes, the persona, the anima and animus, and the shadow. In addition to these interdependent systems there are the attitudes of introversion and extraversion and the functions of thinking, feeling, sensing and intuiting. Finally, there is the self, which is the center of the whole personality.
Personal Unconscious
The personal unconscious is a region adjoining the ego. It consists of experiences that were once conscious but that have been repressed, suppressed, forgotten, or ignored, and of experiences that were too weak in the first place to make a conscious impression, upon the person. The contents of the personal unconscious are accessible to consciousness, and there is a great deal of two-way traffic between the personal unconscious and the ego.
Compelexes
A complex is an organized group of feelings, though, perceptions, and memories that exist in the personal unconscious. A complex may behave like an autonomous personality that has a mental life and a motor of its own. It may seize control of the personality and utilize the psyche for its own ends.
Collective Unconscious
The concept of a collective, or transpersonal, unconscious is one of the most original and controversial features of Jung's personality theory. It is the most powerful and influential system of the psyche and in pathological cases over shadows the ego and the personal unconscious.
The collective unconscious is the storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from one's ancestral past. The collective unconscious is the psychic residue of human evolutionary development, a residue that accumulates as a consequence of related life of an individual and it is seemingly universal. All human beings have more or less the same collective unconscious. Jung attributes the universality of the collective unconscious to the similarity of the structure of the brain in all races of humans, and this similarity in turn is due to a common evolution.
The two two unconscious regions of the mind, the personal and the collective, can be of imments service to humans. It holds possibilities which are locked away from the conscious mind, for it has at its disposal all subliminal contents, all these things which have been forgotten or overlooked, as as well as the wisdom and experience of unwanted centuries, which are laid down in its archtypal organs. On the other hand, if the wisdom of the unconscious is ignored by the ego, the unconscious may disrupt the conscious rational processes by seizing hold of them and trusting them into distorted forms. Symptoms, pholias, delusions, and other irrationalities stem from neglected unconscious processes.
Archetypes
An archetype is a universal thought from(idea) that contains a large element of emotion. This thought from create images or visions that correspond in normal waking life to some aspect of the conscious situation. For example, the archetype of mother figure that is then identified with the actual mother.Thus on individuals experience is a joint product of an inner pre-disposition to perceive the world in a certain manner and the actual nature of that world. The two determinants usually fit together compatibly because the archetype itself is a product of racial experiences with the world, and these experiences are much the same as those that any individual living in any age and in any part of the world will have. This archetype is a permanent deposit in the mind, of an experience that has been constatly repeated for many generations. Humans are driven by these archetypes to do something,discover or invent.
Although all archetypes may be thoughof as autonomous dynamic systems that can become relatively independent of the rest of the personality, some archetypes have evolved so far as to warran their being treated as separate systems within the personality. These are the persona, the anima and animus, and the shadow.
The Persona
The persona is a mask adopted by the person in response to the demands of the social convention and tradition to his or her own inner archetypal needs. The purpose of the mask is to make a definite impression upon others and it often conceals the real nature of the person. The persona is the public personality, those aspects one display to the world or that public opinion fastens on the individual.
The Anima and The Animus
The feminine archetype in a man is called the anima: the masculine archetype in woman is called the animus. These archetypes are the products of the racial experience of man with woman and woman with man. Not only these two archetypes cause each sex to manifest characteristics of the other sex, but they also act as collective images that motivate each sex to respond to and understand members of the other sex. Man apprehends the nature of woman by virtue of his anima, and women apprehends the nature of man by virtue of her animus.
The Shadow
The shadow archetype consists of the animal instincts that humans inherit in their evolution from lower forms of life. Consequently the shadow typifies the animal side of human nature. The shadow archetype is responsible for the appearance in consciousness and behaviour of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings and actions. These then may either be hidden from public view by the persona or repressed into the personal unconscious. Thus, the shadow side of personality, which owes its origin to an archetype, permeates the private aspects of the ego and a large part of the contents of the personal unconscious.
Dynamics of Personality
Jung conceived of the personality, as being a partially closed energy systems, for energy is added from outside sources, e.g. eating, and subtracted from the system. The energy by human work on the personality is performed and called psychic energy. Psychic energy is a manifestation of life energy that is the energy of the organism as a biological system. Psychic energy originates from the metabolic processes of the body. Jung' term for life energy is libido. Psychic energy is a hypothetical construct. It cannot be measured or sensed. The amount of psychic energy invested in an element of the personality is called the value of that element. Value is a measure of intensity. This intensity exerts considerable force in instigating directing behaviour.
Development of Personality
Jung described the development of personality in four stages: childhood, young adulthood, middle age and old age. Childhood: The child's life is determined by instinctualactivities necessary for survival. Behaviour during childhood is also governed by parental demands. The emotional problems experienced by children generally reflect disturbing influences in the home.
Evaluation
Jungian psychology has a number of devoted admirers and proponents throughout the world. Many of these are practicing psychoanalyst who use Jung's method of psychotherapy and who have accepted his fundamental postulates regarding personality. Some are theoreticians who have elaborated Jung's ideas.
Jung's influence outside the fields of psychiatry and psychology has been considerable. Historian Arnold Toynbee acknowledges that he is indebted to Jung for opening up a new dimension in the realm of life. Perhaps Jung's greatest impact has been upon modern religious thought, Jung was invited to give the Terry Lectures at Yale University on "Psychology and Religion" (1938) Jung was severely criticized for supporting Nazism; (Feldman, 1945), although he and his followers vigorously denied the charges.
Summary
The total personality consists of a number of differentiated but interacting systems. The principle ones are the ego, the personal unconscious and its complexes, and the collective unconscious and its archtypes, the persona, the anima and animus, and the shadow. In addition to these independent systems there are the attitudes of introversion and extroversion and the functions of thinking, feeling, sensing and intuiting. The self, which is the center of the whole personality.
These various systems interact in three different ways: compensation, opposition, and union.
The dynamics of personality is governed by the flow of the psychic energy through and between the different systems of personality, and the principles of equivalence and entropy.
The developmental of personality takes place in four stages: childhood, young, adulthood, midle age, and old age. And the ultimate goal of all development is self realization.
